Thymosin Alpha-1
Thymosin Alpha-1 is a 28-amino acid immunomodulatory peptide originally isolated from the thymus, studied for T-cell maturation, dendritic cell activation, and TLR signaling research. It is one of the most extensively characterized peptides in innate and adaptive immune response investigations. For research purposes only.
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Research Overview
Thymosin Alpha-1 (T?1) is a 28-amino acid peptide naturally produced by the thymus gland. It plays a central role in immune system maturation and function. Synthesized commercially as Thymalfasin (Zadaxin®), it is approved in over 35 countries for immune modulation. T?1 is one of the most well-characterized immunomodulatory peptides, with research spanning viral infections, cancer immunology, and vaccine adjuvant applications.
Mechanism of Action
Thymosin Alpha-1 acts on toll-like receptors (TLR2, TLR9) on dendritic cells, promoting their maturation and antigen-presenting capacity. It stimulates T-cell differentiation, enhances NK cell cytotoxicity, modulates cytokine production (increasing IL-2, IFN-?, IFN-? while modulating inflammatory cytokines), and promotes antibody production. T?1 bridges innate and adaptive immunity by activating dendritic cell–mediated T-cell priming pathways.
Experimental Applications
Research includes immune reconstitution models, T-cell subset analysis (CD4/CD8 profiling), dendritic cell maturation assays, NK cell cytotoxicity studies, vaccine adjuvant efficacy, cytokine profiling panels, immunosenescence research, and combination immunotherapy studies.
Compound Information
Technical specifications
What is Thymosin Alpha-1?
| Type | Immunomodulatory Peptide |
| CAS Number | 62304-98-7 |
| Molecular Weight | 3,108.26 g/mol |
| Amino Acids | 28 |
| Molecular Formula | C₁₂₉H₂₁₅N₃₃O₅₅ |
Stability Information
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Estimated plasma concentration over time
Compound Specifications
| Compound Type | Thymic Peptide (28 amino acids) |
| Purity | ≥ 99% |
| Appearance | White lyophilized powder |
| Storage | -20°C long-term; 2-8°C short-term |
| Testing Methods | HPLC, Mass Spectrometry |
| Packaging | Sealed sterile vial |
Certificate of Analysis
Lab Testing Notes
Independently verified for purity (?99%) via HPLC and identity via Mass Spectrometry. Amino acid sequence confirmed. Full COA included with every batch.
Mechanism of Action
Thymosin Alpha-1 acts on toll-like receptors (TLR2, TLR9) on dendritic cells, promoting their maturation and antigen-presenting capacity. It stimulates T-cell differentiation, enhances NK cell cytotoxicity, modulates cytokine production (increasing IL-2, IFN-?, IFN-? while modulating inflammatory cytokines), and promotes antibody production. T?1 bridges innate and adaptive immunity by activating dendritic cell–mediated T-cell priming pathways.
Experimental Applications
Research includes immune reconstitution models, T-cell subset analysis (CD4/CD8 profiling), dendritic cell maturation assays, NK cell cytotoxicity studies, vaccine adjuvant efficacy, cytokine profiling panels, immunosenescence research, and combination immunotherapy studies.
Reconstitution Guidelines
Reconstitute with bacteriostatic water. Inject slowly along the vial wall. Gently swirl to dissolve. Do not shake. Recommended: 1 mL per vial. Store at 2–8°C. Use within 30 days.
How Does Thymosin Alpha-1 Compare?
Longevity & Cellular Health
| Property | Thymosin Alpha-1 | Epitalon (Epithalon) | MOTS-c | NAD+ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type | Immunomodulatory Peptide | Synthetic Tetrapeptide | Mitochondrial-Derived Peptide | Coenzyme (Dinucleotide) |
| Molecular Weight | 3,108.26 | 390.35 | 2,174.58 | 663.43 |
| Amino Acids | 28 | 4 | 16 | — |
| CAS Number | 62304-98-7 | 307297-39-8 | 1627580-64-6 | 53-84-9 |
| Formula | C₁₂₉H₂₁₅N₃₃O₅₅ | C₁₄H₂₂N₄O₉ | C₁₀₁H₁₅₂N₂₈O₂₂S₂ | C₂₁H₂₇N₇O₁₄P₂ |
| Current | View Product → | View Product → | View Product → |
Sources & References
Peer-reviewed research
Thymosin Alpha 1: Clinical Applications and Mechanisms of Action
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